Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) will introduce a slew of measures to
create awareness on Pharm D programme among faculties and students in
the pharmacy colleges in north India. As a first step in this regard, a
workshop will be conducted in June in Raipur in Chhattisgarh, said Dr B
Suresh, president, Pharmacy Council of India.
Shock and its types
Types of Shock:
a) Cardiogenic shock
Clinical examples: Myocardial infarction (MI), Arrhythmia, Pulmonary embolism, etc.
b) Hypovolemic shock
Clinical examples: Hemorrhage and fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea, etc.)
c) Septic shock
d) Neurogenic shock
e) Anaphylactic shock
ELISA test : Antibody Detection
he Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay or ELISA is a commonly used format for serologic testing. ELISA serologies are usually done on multi-well microtiter plates so that dilution of serum are easily prepared and tested.
Procedure and Principle for Indirect Assay:
- Wells of the plate are coated with the antigen of interest
- Wells are filled with dilution of the patient's serum. If the antiboady (1st antibody) against the antigen are present in the serum, they will be immobilized due to binding to the antigen fixed to the bottom of the wells.
- Wells are then washed to remove all the unbound antibodies (1st antibodies).
- Then, a solution of animal antibody against the human antibody (2nd antibody) i.e. antihuman antibody or immunoglobulin covalently conugated (linked) with an enzyme.
- Wells are washed again to remove the unbound enzyme linked antihuman antibody (2nd antibody).
- Finally, a solution of colorigenic enzyme substrate is added.
- The interaction of the substrate with the enzyme on the 2nd antibody (antihuman antibody) generates visible color.
- Read results directly through the bottom of the microwell plate using an automated or semi-automated photometer (ELISA-reader).
Similarly, ELISA test can also be used to detect antigens in
the specimen collected. The principle for antigen detection has been
illustrated in the image below:
- Screening test for HIV
- Detecting potential food allergens
- HCG pregnancy test
Biosynthesis of Protein : Translation Process Video
The translation process is divided into three steps:
Initiation: When a small subunit of a ribosome charged with a tRNA+the amino acid methionine encounters an mRNA, it attaches and starts to scan for a start signal. When it finds the start sequence AUG, the codon (triplet) for the amino acid methionine, the large subunit joins the small one to form a complete ribosome and the protein synthesis is initiated.
Elongation: A new tRNA+amino acid enters the ribosome, at the next codon downstream of the AUG codon. If its anticodon matches the mRNA codon it basepairs and the ribosome can link the two aminoacids together.(If a tRNA with the wrong anticodon and therefore the wrong amino acid enters the ribosome, it can not basepair with the mRNA and is rejected.) The ribosome then moves one triplet forward and a new tRNA+amino acid can enter the ribosome and the procedure is repeated.
Termination: When the ribosome reaches one of three stop codons, for example UGA, there are no corresponding tRNAs to that sequence. Instead termination proteins bind to the ribosome and stimulate the release of the polypeptide chain (the protein), and the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA. When the ribosome is released from the mRNA, its large and small subunit dissociate. The small subunit can now be loaded with a new tRNA+methionine and start translation once again. Some cells need large quantities of a particular protein. To meet this requirement they make many mRNA copies of the corresponding gene and have many ribosomes working on each mRNA. After translation the protein will usually undergo some further modifications before it becomes fully active.
Lipoprotein Metabolism : Animation video
Composition of Lipoproteins:
- Consists of non-polar core (Mainly Triglycerides and cholesteryl esters)
- A single surface layer of amphipathic phospholipids and cholesterol
- Protein moiety are known as Apoprotein or Apolipoprotein
- Protein and lipid contents vary
Synthesis of Chylomicrons and VLDL:
Metabolism of Chylomicrons:
- Synthesised in intestine
- Transport TAG (Triacylglycerol) to tissues and deliver remaining cholesterol & cholesterol ester to the liver.
Metabolism of VLDL, LDL and IDL:
- VLDL is synthesised in liver and converted to LDL which contain an increased proportion of cholesterol & cholesteryl ester (due to loss of TAG).
- Transport TAG and cholesterol from liver to tissues.
- Cholesterol in LDL referred to as “bad cholesterol” since LDLs are implicated in atherosclerosis
Metabolism of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein):
- HDL carries “used” cholesterol (as CE) back to the liver. Also donate some CE to circulating VLDL for redistribution to tissues.
- HDL taken up by liver and degraded. The cholesterol is excreted as bile salts or repackaged in VLDL for distribution to tissues.
- Cholesterol synthesis in the liver is regulated by the cholesterol arriving through HDL (and dietary cholesterol returned by chylomicron remnants).
- Cholesterol (CE) in HDL is referred to as “good cholesterol”.
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis : Animation
When the rate of synthesis of ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases, this is known as ketonemia. This is followed by ketonuria – excretion of ketone bodies in urine. The overall picture of ketonemia and ketonuria is commonly referred to as ketosis.
Mechanism:
- Hyperglycaemia occurs due to decreased glucose uptake in fat and muscle cells due to insulin deficiency Lipolysis in fat cells now occurs promoted by the insulin deficiency releasing
- Free fatty acids (FFA) into the blood which provide substrate to the liver
- A switch in hepatic lipid metabolism occurs due to the insulin deficiency and the glucagon excess, so the excess FFA is metabolised resulting in excess production of acetyl CoA
- The excess hepatic acetyl CoA (remaining after saturation of TCA cycle) is converted to ketone bodies which are released into the blood
- Ketoacidosis and hyperglycaemia both occur due to the lack of insulin and the increase in glucagon and most of the clinical effects follow from these two factors
Summary:
1. ↓ Insulin, ↑Glucogon (glycogen à glucose)
- Glucose 500-700 mg/dl
2. Glucose-derived
osmotic diuresis
3. ↑ Glucagon
- ↑ FFA esterfied Ã
ketone bodies Ã
acidosis
|
Diagnostic tests:
- Blood glucose greater than 250 mg/dL
- Blood pH less than 7.3
- Blood bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/L
- Ketones present in blood (exceeds 90 mg/dl)
- Ketones excreted in urine exceeds 5000 mg/24 hrs
Signs and Symptoms:
- Kussmal's respiration
- Fruity odor of breath
- Nausea and abdominal pain
- Dehydration
- Lethargy
- Coma
- Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia
Promotion to next higher class under Pharm.D Regulations 2008
PCI issued circulars to all the Examining
Authorities conducting Pharm.D,Pharm.D (Post
Baccalaureate) examinations regarding Promotion
to next higher class under Pharm.D Regulations 2008.
PCI in its meeting held in April, 2012 which decided
to clarify that :-
Pharmacy colleges in Chhattisgarh not in favour of launching Pharm D course in their colleges
Even as the first batch of the Pharm D course has come out and started internship in major hospitals in various parts of the country, the pharmacy colleges in the central India, especially in Chhattisgarh, are of the opinion that the course is not feasible for Indian scenario.
According to teachers and principals of leading pharmacy teaching institutions located in various parts of Chhattisgarh, the much publicised six- year Pharm D course is not feasible for Indian scenario and not cent percent adequate for managing a clinical pharmacy in western countries. The principal of a well known pharmacy college, requesting anonymity, said that in Chhattisgarh there is lack of awareness about Pharm D and no college in the state is running the course.
“How can it get be done in India ? First, the patient has to go to the doctor for diagnosis, gets the diagnosis report, then goes to the Pharm D pharmacist for consultation and prescription of drugs, and gets the medicine from another outlet. This is not feasible in India, a country with more than 110 crore population and limited number of hospitals with limited facilities”, an experienced principal of a pharmacy college said.
Including two government colleges, there are 12 pharmacy colleges in the new state, out of which 7 colleges are having both B Pharm and M Pharm courses. One college is conducting only Diploma in Pharmacy course and B Pharm is conducted in 11 colleges. According to sources, all the pharmacy colleges in Chhattisgarh are unable to fill up the maximum capacity of student intake, and the passed out graduates and post graduates are struggling to find out a job in their own state. The situation is getting worse year after year.
The main reason pointed out for unemployment for pharmacy graduates in Chhattisgarh is the dormant way of the government in supporting pharma industry, due to this attitude no manufacturing industry or clinical research organisation is coming to the state. Even for training purpose, the students of the pharmacy colleges in Raipur, Bilaspur and Bhilai are sent to pharma companies in Indore, Bhopal, Bangalore and Mumbai, said Dr D K Thripathi, principal of Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Bhilai.
According to him government is the agency to create job opportunities for the educated class. Every year more than 300 graduates and post graduates in pharmacy are coming out of various colleges. The healthcare activities in the state are very poor. It has to be developed like what is in Rajasthan where all kinds of drugs are distributed freely with the participation of qualified pharmacists. Pharmacists are getting jobs there, such system has to be implemented in Chhattisgarh also, Dr Thripathi opined.
“In our state there are all the facilities for setting up manufacturing companies. If companies come, CROs will also come. The situation will create placements for plenty of graduates. The state has no power shortage, no water shortage, no manpower problem, no land problem and no political problem. All the facilities are there for the industry. Only problem is the lacklustre attitude of the government”, commented the principal of Rungta College.
To a query he said so far either the AICTE or PCI has not withdrawn the approval of any of the colleges in Chhattisgarh with respect to faculty or infrastructure. All the colleges are complying with all the norms and appointing qualified teachers from outside the state. But there is lack of awareness about pharmacy course. In most of the colleges 40% of the seats are lying unfilled for all the courses.
Dr Thripathi said even now the general public is thinking that pharmacists are mere helpers of doctors. It is too difficult to change the concept unless total awareness is created.
According to teachers and principals of leading pharmacy teaching institutions located in various parts of Chhattisgarh, the much publicised six- year Pharm D course is not feasible for Indian scenario and not cent percent adequate for managing a clinical pharmacy in western countries. The principal of a well known pharmacy college, requesting anonymity, said that in Chhattisgarh there is lack of awareness about Pharm D and no college in the state is running the course.
“How can it get be done in India ? First, the patient has to go to the doctor for diagnosis, gets the diagnosis report, then goes to the Pharm D pharmacist for consultation and prescription of drugs, and gets the medicine from another outlet. This is not feasible in India, a country with more than 110 crore population and limited number of hospitals with limited facilities”, an experienced principal of a pharmacy college said.
Including two government colleges, there are 12 pharmacy colleges in the new state, out of which 7 colleges are having both B Pharm and M Pharm courses. One college is conducting only Diploma in Pharmacy course and B Pharm is conducted in 11 colleges. According to sources, all the pharmacy colleges in Chhattisgarh are unable to fill up the maximum capacity of student intake, and the passed out graduates and post graduates are struggling to find out a job in their own state. The situation is getting worse year after year.
The main reason pointed out for unemployment for pharmacy graduates in Chhattisgarh is the dormant way of the government in supporting pharma industry, due to this attitude no manufacturing industry or clinical research organisation is coming to the state. Even for training purpose, the students of the pharmacy colleges in Raipur, Bilaspur and Bhilai are sent to pharma companies in Indore, Bhopal, Bangalore and Mumbai, said Dr D K Thripathi, principal of Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Bhilai.
According to him government is the agency to create job opportunities for the educated class. Every year more than 300 graduates and post graduates in pharmacy are coming out of various colleges. The healthcare activities in the state are very poor. It has to be developed like what is in Rajasthan where all kinds of drugs are distributed freely with the participation of qualified pharmacists. Pharmacists are getting jobs there, such system has to be implemented in Chhattisgarh also, Dr Thripathi opined.
“In our state there are all the facilities for setting up manufacturing companies. If companies come, CROs will also come. The situation will create placements for plenty of graduates. The state has no power shortage, no water shortage, no manpower problem, no land problem and no political problem. All the facilities are there for the industry. Only problem is the lacklustre attitude of the government”, commented the principal of Rungta College.
To a query he said so far either the AICTE or PCI has not withdrawn the approval of any of the colleges in Chhattisgarh with respect to faculty or infrastructure. All the colleges are complying with all the norms and appointing qualified teachers from outside the state. But there is lack of awareness about pharmacy course. In most of the colleges 40% of the seats are lying unfilled for all the courses.
Dr Thripathi said even now the general public is thinking that pharmacists are mere helpers of doctors. It is too difficult to change the concept unless total awareness is created.
PCI urges govt to include B Pharm as one of the qualifications for food safety officers under FSS rules
With a view to address the mounting issue of lack of employment among pharmacy graduates, the Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) will soon send a high level representation asking the central government to include B Pharm as one of the qualifications required for the post of food safety officers under the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) Act, which came into force in the country last year.
According to sources, the PCI will soon send a representation to the union health ministry urging them to make certain amendments in the provisions relating to qualification requirements for food safety officers in the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) rules. This demand comes in the wake of increasing incidences where pharmacy graduates were found to be unemployed in the country in spite of having a valid degree and requisite qualification.
Interestingly, under the provisions of the the previous Act, i.e. Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act 1954, Rules 1955 that governed the food safety issues of the country till recently, B Pharm was included as one of the qualifications required for the post of food safety inspectors. However, with the implementation of the FSS Rules, things became complicated for pharmacy graduates as the requirement of B Pharm graduate was completely removed from the present Rules of the Act.
According to Dr Hemant Koshia, executive committee (EC) member of the PCI, “There are many issues that are affecting the growth of pharmacy in the country at present, and one that tops the list is unemployment among pharmacy graduates. It is really disturbing to know that our burden has been increased by such decisions that are taken by the Government adding to our present woes while we are trying to address the issue. Considering the current issue of unemployment among the many pharmacy graduates it is imperative on the part of the government to take steps to amend the current rule by modifying and including pharmacy graduates with B Pharm degree for the post of food safety inspectors.”
He further informed that it is essentials to understand that a pharmacy graduate not only has a requisite degree but also has the required training to handle the responsibility of a food safety inspector. Most importantly, they also have the much needed talent through four years of training that will help the government to designate new functionaries, introduce various new provisions that help upgrade their regulatory institutions.
According to sources, the PCI will soon send a representation to the union health ministry urging them to make certain amendments in the provisions relating to qualification requirements for food safety officers in the Food Safety and Standards (FSS) rules. This demand comes in the wake of increasing incidences where pharmacy graduates were found to be unemployed in the country in spite of having a valid degree and requisite qualification.
Interestingly, under the provisions of the the previous Act, i.e. Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act 1954, Rules 1955 that governed the food safety issues of the country till recently, B Pharm was included as one of the qualifications required for the post of food safety inspectors. However, with the implementation of the FSS Rules, things became complicated for pharmacy graduates as the requirement of B Pharm graduate was completely removed from the present Rules of the Act.
According to Dr Hemant Koshia, executive committee (EC) member of the PCI, “There are many issues that are affecting the growth of pharmacy in the country at present, and one that tops the list is unemployment among pharmacy graduates. It is really disturbing to know that our burden has been increased by such decisions that are taken by the Government adding to our present woes while we are trying to address the issue. Considering the current issue of unemployment among the many pharmacy graduates it is imperative on the part of the government to take steps to amend the current rule by modifying and including pharmacy graduates with B Pharm degree for the post of food safety inspectors.”
He further informed that it is essentials to understand that a pharmacy graduate not only has a requisite degree but also has the required training to handle the responsibility of a food safety inspector. Most importantly, they also have the much needed talent through four years of training that will help the government to designate new functionaries, introduce various new provisions that help upgrade their regulatory institutions.
PCI wants amendment to D&C rules to address unemployment among pharmacists
Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) may soon approach the Government,
demanding key amendments to the Drugs & Cosmetics (D&C) Rules
1945 for addressing the serious problem of unemployment among pharmacy
graduates in the country. The pharmacy profession has been facing the
problem of oversupply of pharmacy graduates with no corresponding number
of jobs in the country for some years now.
The issue of unemployment among pharmacy graduates was raised during the PCI's council meeting held in Jaipur on April 1 and 2. As the newly elected executive committee (EC) member of the PCI, Dr Hemant Koshia raised this issue with the PCI members highlighting the plight of the many pharmacy graduates in the country. Understanding the urgency of this issue, PCI has taken note of it and has expressed its interest in representing the cause for the betterment of the pharmacy education.
The issue of unemployment among pharmacy graduates was raised during the PCI's council meeting held in Jaipur on April 1 and 2. As the newly elected executive committee (EC) member of the PCI, Dr Hemant Koshia raised this issue with the PCI members highlighting the plight of the many pharmacy graduates in the country. Understanding the urgency of this issue, PCI has taken note of it and has expressed its interest in representing the cause for the betterment of the pharmacy education.
Clinical pharmacy engaged in geriatric research focus more on medication safety, drug use evaluation: Expert
Clinical pharmacy which plays a critical role in a hospital environment
is increasingly focusing on geriatric medication safety,
appropriateness of prescribing drugs, medication errors, adverse drug
reactions (ADRs), drug interaction and drug related hospital admissions
among elderly patients in hospitals globally. Current role of clinical
pharmacists is to identify medication errors, drug use evaluation,
patient counseling and treatment decisions.
The ‘elderly’ patients are the largest consumers of medications and they are at highest risk of ADRs. Only pharmacists can help to prevent and identify ADRs and improve medication outcomes in the elderly.
The ‘elderly’ patients are the largest consumers of medications and they are at highest risk of ADRs. Only pharmacists can help to prevent and identify ADRs and improve medication outcomes in the elderly.
Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence:Indian Schedules and Acts
Indian Schedules and Acts related to healthcare sector are provided here to download.
PCI has Written to Govt.
PCI has written to all state govt. and union govt. that In-service diploma/B. Pharma pharmacists be given an opportunity to upgrade their qualification and skills and granted study leave to undergo Pharm.D. course. This will help the pharmacists to acquire new skills and utilize it for the betterment of public health.
Unemployed pharmacists of TN demand filling up of vacancies in govt hospitals
Demanding immediate filling up of the posts of pharmacists in government
hospitals and PHCs and pressing for various other demands, the Tamil
Nadu Pharmacist Welfare Association (TNPWA), a body of unemployed
pharmacists in association with Indian Pharmacist Association has taken
out a rally in Chennai, in which about 6000 registered pharmacists took
part.
Later the office bearers of the association called on the state health minister at his office and submitted a memorandum signed by 10000 pharmacists demanding the government to take urgent measures to fill up the vacancies. As per norms government has to appoint pharmacists in a ratio of one pharmacist for 100 patients in the Out Patient Ward and one pharmacist for 75 patients in the In Patient Ward.
Later the office bearers of the association called on the state health minister at his office and submitted a memorandum signed by 10000 pharmacists demanding the government to take urgent measures to fill up the vacancies. As per norms government has to appoint pharmacists in a ratio of one pharmacist for 100 patients in the Out Patient Ward and one pharmacist for 75 patients in the In Patient Ward.
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