Pharm D failed to make any impact in north Indian pharmacy colleges yet: Revi Kumar
The lethargic and sluggish attitude showed by Pharmacy Council of India
(PCI) in the year 2008 at the time of starting the Pharm D programme is
the major reason for the poor acceptance of the programme by the north
Indian pharmacy colleges, according to K G Revi Kumar, former HoD of the
Clinical Pharmacy Department at the Government Medial College in
Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr Revi Kumar, who took initiative to start the programme in Kerala in 1997 but failed due to several reasons, said PCI started the global programme without much homework, thinking and training. He said before starting the programme the PCI should have done some education programmes on the subject for the professionals in the colleges and tried to get them trained in some universities abroad. Unless the pharmacy council changes its attitude, the programme cannot reach its desired goal in the country.
Dr Revi Kumar, who took initiative to start the programme in Kerala in 1997 but failed due to several reasons, said PCI started the global programme without much homework, thinking and training. He said before starting the programme the PCI should have done some education programmes on the subject for the professionals in the colleges and tried to get them trained in some universities abroad. Unless the pharmacy council changes its attitude, the programme cannot reach its desired goal in the country.
37 pharmacy colleges in Andhra pradesh blacklisted
The Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) is said to have
blacklisted 37 colleges in the State for making excess admissions in
violation of the PCI norms and with the pretext that the AICTE has
permitted them so.
The PCI central council meeting
held in New Delhi recently is said to have taken the decision as some
colleges have admitted 200 students though the original sanctioned
strength is only 60. As per the PCI norms, the maximum strength can go
up to 100 if the colleges are more than four years old while it has to
be 60 for colleges established in the last four years.
PCI to conduct awareness programme on Pharm D course in Central states: Dr B Suresh
Pharmacy Council of India (PCI) will introduce a slew of measures to
create awareness on Pharm D programme among faculties and students in
the pharmacy colleges in north India. As a first step in this regard, a
workshop will be conducted in June in Raipur in Chhattisgarh, said Dr B
Suresh, president, Pharmacy Council of India.
Shock and its types
Types of Shock:
a) Cardiogenic shock
Clinical examples: Myocardial infarction (MI), Arrhythmia, Pulmonary embolism, etc.
b) Hypovolemic shock
Clinical examples: Hemorrhage and fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea, etc.)
c) Septic shock
d) Neurogenic shock
e) Anaphylactic shock
ELISA test : Antibody Detection
he Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay or ELISA is a commonly used format for serologic testing. ELISA serologies are usually done on multi-well microtiter plates so that dilution of serum are easily prepared and tested.
Procedure and Principle for Indirect Assay:
- Wells of the plate are coated with the antigen of interest
- Wells are filled with dilution of the patient's serum. If the antiboady (1st antibody) against the antigen are present in the serum, they will be immobilized due to binding to the antigen fixed to the bottom of the wells.
- Wells are then washed to remove all the unbound antibodies (1st antibodies).
- Then, a solution of animal antibody against the human antibody (2nd antibody) i.e. antihuman antibody or immunoglobulin covalently conugated (linked) with an enzyme.
- Wells are washed again to remove the unbound enzyme linked antihuman antibody (2nd antibody).
- Finally, a solution of colorigenic enzyme substrate is added.
- The interaction of the substrate with the enzyme on the 2nd antibody (antihuman antibody) generates visible color.
- Read results directly through the bottom of the microwell plate using an automated or semi-automated photometer (ELISA-reader).
Similarly, ELISA test can also be used to detect antigens in
the specimen collected. The principle for antigen detection has been
illustrated in the image below:
- Screening test for HIV
- Detecting potential food allergens
- HCG pregnancy test
Biosynthesis of Protein : Translation Process Video
The translation process is divided into three steps:
Initiation: When a small subunit of a ribosome charged with a tRNA+the amino acid methionine encounters an mRNA, it attaches and starts to scan for a start signal. When it finds the start sequence AUG, the codon (triplet) for the amino acid methionine, the large subunit joins the small one to form a complete ribosome and the protein synthesis is initiated.
Elongation: A new tRNA+amino acid enters the ribosome, at the next codon downstream of the AUG codon. If its anticodon matches the mRNA codon it basepairs and the ribosome can link the two aminoacids together.(If a tRNA with the wrong anticodon and therefore the wrong amino acid enters the ribosome, it can not basepair with the mRNA and is rejected.) The ribosome then moves one triplet forward and a new tRNA+amino acid can enter the ribosome and the procedure is repeated.
Termination: When the ribosome reaches one of three stop codons, for example UGA, there are no corresponding tRNAs to that sequence. Instead termination proteins bind to the ribosome and stimulate the release of the polypeptide chain (the protein), and the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA. When the ribosome is released from the mRNA, its large and small subunit dissociate. The small subunit can now be loaded with a new tRNA+methionine and start translation once again. Some cells need large quantities of a particular protein. To meet this requirement they make many mRNA copies of the corresponding gene and have many ribosomes working on each mRNA. After translation the protein will usually undergo some further modifications before it becomes fully active.
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